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Transportation System Digestive System Respiratory

Respiration is the term used to refer to the process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the body. Through them ensures the provision of molecular oxygen necessary for metabolic processes in higher organisms and the elimination of carbon dioxide produced in the tissues. This is called gas exchange hematosis. For its realization the respiratory system consists of a system of pathways or airway, breathing portion, at which level gas exchange was performed and musculo-elastic apparatus that ensures the transport of gases.

Human Respiratory

is composed of:

- airways, which include the nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus-bronchial tree. These structures warm, moisten and filter the inspired air before its arrival to the pulmonary respiratory portion.

- Share lung ventilation: consisting of the lung where the respiratory bronchioles, alveoli and interstitial tissue.

The nasal cavity , starts from the nostrils, is located above and below the mouth of the braincase. Contains the organs of sense of smell, and is lined by mucus-secreting epithelium. Riding on the same, the air is purified, moist and warm. If your capillaries dilate and the mucus secreted in excess, the nose is obstructed, symptoms characteristic of the cold.

The olfactory organ of smell is the mucous membrane lining the inside and top of the nostrils, called mucosa yellow to distinguish it from the red, which is covering the bottom.

mucosa of this red color is very rich in blood vessels, and contains glands that secrete a mucus that keeps the area moist.

yellow mucosa is rich in nerve endings nerve olfativo.Las nostrils have three folds, turbinates, separated by grooves or meatus is divided into upper, middle and bottom. The two lower lining the turbinate bone, and its function in a small space is to increase the sensory surface.

The volatile or odorous gases emerging from the various substances, to be inspired, come into the nostrils and dissolve if they are not sufficiently volatilized in the mucus that fills the mucosa. Dispersed in it, excites the nerve endings of olfactory nerve scattered mucosa. These excitations transmitted to the olfactory center of the cerebral cortex, giving us the sense of smell.

Nasopharynx: In the pharynx the lines intersect the digestive and respiratorio.Los Food passes from the pharynx to the esophagus and then the stomach, the air passes through the larynx and trachea to the lungs. To prevent food from entering the breathing passages, where swallowing is applied to the upper orifice of the larynx, nasopharynx, a kind of valve called the epiglottis (reflex).

Larynx.

is an irregularly shaped elongated structure that connects tráquea.Tiene pharynx with a skeleton made up of various pieces of cartilage and elastic connective tissue together fibroelastic. Its contour is perceived from the outside by what is called the "nut" or "bite of Adam" and contains the vocal cords, folds of epithelium that vibrate when air passes between them, producing sound. Trachea

: a hollow tube that originates at the base of the larynx and eventually dividing or transformed into the two main bronchi.

Its wall consists of an inner epithelial layer, an outer layer of connective tissue and a middle layer where the cartilage rings, which supports it so that the tracheal lumen is always open.

lung respiratory portion, consisting of the lung where the respiratory bronchioles, the aura and interstitial tissue.

bronchus.

-bronchial tree, the bronchi, starting at the trachea, entering the lung after a short drive and there are 3 secondary bronchi divide originating in the right lung and 2 on the left. From these, the bronchial tree branches unequally dichotomously. The first 9 to 12 divisions are the bronchi are the branches following bronchioles, in which distinguished themselves on the bronchioles, terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles.

These develop into the alveolar ducts, which in turn originate sacs or alveoli where gas exchange occurs.

In the intrapulmonary bronchi, the rings are replaced by irregular patches distributed throughout the circumference of the duct and its importance decreases gradually until they disappear in the bronchioles. The bronchi have cartilage and lack a frame of elastic and reticular fibers that extend to the alveolar wall.

Lung.

Two bodies

spongy structure and are shaped like a pyramid with the base resting on the diaphragm. The right is larger than the left, it consists of three parts or lobes, while the other has only two. Each lung is composed of numerous lobules, which in turn contain the alveoli, which are dilated terminal bronchi. The pleura are membranes that line the lungs and fixed in the chest cavity.

The main function of the lung is the hematosis, in which both oxygen and carbon dioxide cross the blood-air barrier passively, by differences in concentration (diffusion) between the two phases. It also participates in regulating body temperature.

Alveoli: are tiny cavities that are forming the lungs, the walls of smaller vessels and air sacs. Outside the alveoli are networks of capillaries. Its walls are very thin and are made only by a layer of flat epithelial cells, so that the molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide easily pass through them.
The lungs contain about 300 million alveoli, which deployed occupy an area of \u200b\u200b70 square meters, about 40 times the size of the skin.

Dynamics of breathing

In humans, the breathing process consists of three phases: inspiration, transport through the bloodstream and exhalation.

Respiratory movements of inspiration and exhalation are mechanical processes that allow the movement of outside air inside the body (inhalation) and vice versa (exhalation). Breathing serves two successive phases, conducted by the muscular action of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, all controlled by the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata. In inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and the intercostal muscles are elevated and widened ribs. Rib cage volume gains outside air enters to fill this space.

During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and the ribs down and move inland. The rib cage decreases lung capacity and leak air outward.

The air enters through the nostrils, which open into the nasal cavity. Go ahead through the pharynx, larynx (containing the vocal cords), trachea. The trachea divides into two bronchi, cartilage, each directed to each lung. Inside it, each bronchus subdivides into bronchioles, which in turn become ducts divide into smaller and smaller diameter, until the end cavities and air sacs called alveoli. On the walls of smaller vessels and air sacs are tiny cavities called alveoli, outside of which have dense networks of capillaries. In the lungs, oxygen passes from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction of the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli. This is simply the physical phenomenon of diffusion (each gas is a more concentrated region to another of lower concentration). In the capillaries

of all body tissues, which occurs internal breathing, oxygen diffusion, is of the same cells in both the carbon dioxide passes in the same shape of the cells into the capillaries. Continuous metabolism of glucose and other substances in the cell intimacy leads to the steady production of carbon dioxide and oxygen utilization, and consequently, the oxygen concentration is always low and the carbon dioxide is always higher in cells respect to the capillaries. Throughout the system passes oxygen from the lungs to the blood and thence to the tissues, most point to lower concentration, until it is finally used by the cells; Carbon dioxide passes from the cells where it occurs, blood, lungs and abroad, always to areas of lower concentration (pressure difference).

The Pleura is a double-walled membrane surrounding the lungs.

amount of air breathed

breathe 17 times per minute. The number of breaths depends on the exercise, age etc.. lung capacity of a person is five liters. The amount of air that may be extended in a forced inspiration is called vital capacity, typically 3.5 liters

At rest, the air that enters and exits at each breath of an adult male has a volume of 500 ml. Once the air has been expelled, may be compelled to leave another half liter of air through forced expulsion and approximately another liter still can not get out or with effort. It is clear that during normal breathing in the lungs is a reserve of 2.5 liters that are mixed with 500 ml penetrating inspiration. After the inspiration of 500 ml, it is possible, breathing deeply, to penetrate more than three liters, and during exercise can increase the inspired air, 500 ml to 5,000 ml in each respiratory cycle.

Regulation of respiration

Because needs oxygen around the body are different at rest or in activity, the frequency and depth of the movements should be rotated to adjust automatically to changing conditions. The respiratory center is located in the medulla and pons, which coordinates movement of muscles harmonics (separated) to carry out the process of respiration.