Some protozoa are immobile. However most if they are mobile. Protozoa are mobilized using organoid as pseudopodia, flagella, cilia and undulating membranes, and depending on the presence of these organelles protozoa can be divided into: Class Rhizopoda
( rhizopods or Sarcodina )
are characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia sliders, which are used in feeding and locomotion. The pseudopodia are given different names according to their shape and structure. Mechanism is still uncertain pseudopod makes slip and change shape, but is likely to be bending or sliding of certain proteins simultaneously.
Although their organelles remain relatively simple, many acquired through evolution Sarcodina complex skeletons. Sarcodina various classes differ in the nature of their skeletons and pseudopodia. The amoebae can be: Amoeba tested, which have a clamshell cover, and naked amoebae, which do not have any cover. The foraminifera, which are mostly Sarcadinos marine benthic have a chalky coat is usually multilocular. One good-sized opening, allows the projection of the cytoplasm that reaches to cover the outside of the testa from the cytoplasm extended long pseudopods emerge, thin and often anastomosis are used for prey capture and locomotion.
The Heliozoarios are Sarcodina, spherical with radial symmetry, planktonic and benthic are restricted mostly to life in freshwater. These agencies use long pseudopods, radial-like needles (exopod), to capture the exopod food from deep or bone and spread through an ectoplasmic cortex external is usually vacuolated, this bark often has a siliceous skeleton composed of plates, tubes and needles. Sacodinos
Radiolarians are marine, planktonic, with specific bodies and radial pseudopodia. A wall separates organic capsular central cortex of extracapsular cytoplasm. The complex boast radiolarian skeletons of silica dioxide or strontium sulfate, which are located within the cytoplasm are organized as extracapsular and trellis transparent spheres with radial spines or both.
Both foraminifera and radiolaria are major contributors in the formation of deep marine sediments.
In this group there are individuals free-living parasites. Among the best known are:
· Amoeba proteus. Free-living species. Entamoeba histolytica
· . Parasite that causes amoebic dysentery.
· Entamoeba gingivalis. lives in the mouth of mammals, is diner.
· Nummulites. Fossil foraminifera. Class Mastigophora
( Mastigophora or Flagellates )
are all protozoa that possess flagella in their adult phase. They were divided for convenience in phytoflagellates and zooflagelados. Phytoflagellates typically have 1 or 2 chloroplasts and flagella, are holofílicos there are many common forms as Euglena, Chamydomonas, Volvox and Paranema, are all microscopic algae, most are free living. The Zooflagelados have 1 or more flagella lack chloroplasts and are holozoicos and saprozoícos, some are free living but most are commensals, symbionts or parasites of other animals.
Its locomotion is by means of flagella (when multiple) can be mixed and one is the one who leads the movement and the others follow. The scourge has joint ultrastructure of 2 central microtubules form a nucleus surrounded by 9 pairs more. Is covered by a sheath which is continuous with the cell membrane, the flagellum was born in a body basal called Blefaroblasto, a centriole is involved in mitosis in some cases. The scourge running waves in one or two planes to push or pull. The waves move from base to tip and push the body in the opposite direction or go to the tip to the base and pull the body.
Nutrition: holofíticos phytoflagellates are primarily, although some saprozoicos and holozoicos or have any combination of these forms. The flagellate is green when the chlorophyll is masked by another pigment as in the fotomónas and Euglena. If dominated by xanthophylls, the color is red, orange, yellow or brown.
Some flagellates can be classified as autotrophs heterotrophic or strict, since there are intermediate conditions. The Euglena gracilis is strictly photoautotrophs it can synthesize organic compounds from inorganic substances. Some are facultative saprophytic.
The phytoflagellates stored food reserves in an oil or fat or carbohydrates in the form of typical vegetable starch.
In most flagellated, asexual reproduction is by binary fission.
can be wild, in fresh or salt water, occurring singly or in colonies. There are also parasitic groups, among them the following stand out: Trypanosoma gambiense
· and Trypanosoma rhodesiense . They are deadly parasites that cause sleeping sickness. " Trypanosoma cruzi
· . Appears in South America and produces "Chagas disease."
· Leishmania. Present in different parts of the world. Causes serious diseases such as Kala-azar or black fever.
· Gonyaulax catenella. Free-living species that form large groups, movements of individuals. These groups are called "red tide" and are food for bivalves (mussels). These protozoa produce a toxin harmless to mussels, but the man produces "mussel poisoning" that can result in death. Class Sporozoa
( sporozoan )
are obligate parasites of various animal groups. Live within the cells of their hosts (hosts) and can become pathogenic. Generally have alternating phases of sexual reproduction and other asexual multiplication. In these, there is a large number of spores from the apparently simultaneous division of a single cell (schizogony or sporulation), in reality it is several successive bipartition are hidden. The name "Sporozoa" refers to this feature of the cycle.
detailed examination of the ultrastructure and, above all, the comparison direct their genes and their proteins have demonstrated the polyphyly of the group, and the affinities of the groups that traditionally come including: apicomplexan, Haplosporida, Microsporidia and mixosporidias.
are able to form highly resistant spores. The best examples include
· Toxoplasma : Produce toxoplasmosis, the severity of this disease depends on the tissue affected. Plasmodium
Malarie · and P. falciparum: These two species cause severe malaria disease. Today is the disease that kills more people in the world.
Class Ciliophora (ciliates or Ciliophora )
unicellular forms are relatively large, with a complex internal structure, which makes think more about the anatomy of a small animal, which are, in a cell. There are three defining characteristics:
Its surface is covered with cilia regularly aligned with that move actively and quickly.
have two cores, macronucleus and micronucleus, the latter reserved for sexual reproduction, which perform sporadically.
Most phagocytosis performed by which are fed through a specialized area, sunken, called cytostome, ie cell mouth.
Most ciliates also has a or more prominent contractile vacuoles, which collect and expel water from the cell to maintain osmotic pressure and a certain role in maintaining the ion balance. These often have a star of radio ducts emerging. Other distinct components are the alveoli, small vesicles attached to the cell membrane inside that maintain cell shape, ranging from flexible and rigid contractile. Extrusomes numerous mitochondria and are also usually present.
Cilia occur in longitudinal rows covering the entire cell, although some groups cilia are observed only in a limited region of the cell body, around the cytostome. In some cases the cilia are arranged in tufts or tufts called cirri. Are used for a variety of functions among which are the movement, drag, grip, power and sensation. The movement of the cilia is coordinated with precision, and the impression given is similar to the wind causes waves in a wheat field.
cilia are usually arranged in monokinetids or dicinetias, including respectively one or two kinetosomes, each bearing a cilium. These are usually organized into rows called kinetic running from front to the back of the cell. Others polykinetids organized groups of several cilia along with their structures associated. Used for classification of different groups.
phagocytizing particles are fed, what they do almost always from the bottom of a cavity called cytostome, located almost always in a recess or depression called the vestibule, which appears specialized cilia cover. These usually include a series of membranelles to the left of the mouth and on your right paroral membrane, both of which arise from polykinetids. Some ciliates have poorly differentiated cytostome, or lack of it, engulfing in any case only a certain portion of its surface. In the group of sucker phagocytosis is performed by the ends of multiple tentacles. The waste disposal not digested in the digestive vacuoles by exocytosis takes place, often also through a specialized region, called in this case citoprocto, which literally translates as "cellular year."
These individuals have free-living in freshwater, marine or brackish water. Parasitic species also appear. The best known representatives are:
· Paramecium. Ciliated freshwater appears containing plant residues.
· Vorticella. It also appears in freshwater. It features live fixed to the substrate. Is an individual sessile. It uses cilia to capture food. Tetrahymena thermophila
· . Are represented in all kinds of aquatic habitats, but are mostly inhabitants of freshwaters and soils, with some notable but isolated group of marine forms. Many hold up well contamination and thrive in the sewers and treatment plants wastewater. They feed on organic particles and engulfing all bacteria and other microorganisms, sometimes almost as big as them.
( rhizopods or Sarcodina )
are characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia sliders, which are used in feeding and locomotion. The pseudopodia are given different names according to their shape and structure. Mechanism is still uncertain pseudopod makes slip and change shape, but is likely to be bending or sliding of certain proteins simultaneously.
Although their organelles remain relatively simple, many acquired through evolution Sarcodina complex skeletons. Sarcodina various classes differ in the nature of their skeletons and pseudopodia. The amoebae can be: Amoeba tested, which have a clamshell cover, and naked amoebae, which do not have any cover. The foraminifera, which are mostly Sarcadinos marine benthic have a chalky coat is usually multilocular. One good-sized opening, allows the projection of the cytoplasm that reaches to cover the outside of the testa from the cytoplasm extended long pseudopods emerge, thin and often anastomosis are used for prey capture and locomotion.
The Heliozoarios are Sarcodina, spherical with radial symmetry, planktonic and benthic are restricted mostly to life in freshwater. These agencies use long pseudopods, radial-like needles (exopod), to capture the exopod food from deep or bone and spread through an ectoplasmic cortex external is usually vacuolated, this bark often has a siliceous skeleton composed of plates, tubes and needles. Sacodinos
Radiolarians are marine, planktonic, with specific bodies and radial pseudopodia. A wall separates organic capsular central cortex of extracapsular cytoplasm. The complex boast radiolarian skeletons of silica dioxide or strontium sulfate, which are located within the cytoplasm are organized as extracapsular and trellis transparent spheres with radial spines or both.
Both foraminifera and radiolaria are major contributors in the formation of deep marine sediments.
In this group there are individuals free-living parasites. Among the best known are:
· Amoeba proteus. Free-living species. Entamoeba histolytica
· . Parasite that causes amoebic dysentery.
· Entamoeba gingivalis. lives in the mouth of mammals, is diner.
· Nummulites. Fossil foraminifera. Class Mastigophora
( Mastigophora or Flagellates )
are all protozoa that possess flagella in their adult phase. They were divided for convenience in phytoflagellates and zooflagelados. Phytoflagellates typically have 1 or 2 chloroplasts and flagella, are holofílicos there are many common forms as Euglena, Chamydomonas, Volvox and Paranema, are all microscopic algae, most are free living. The Zooflagelados have 1 or more flagella lack chloroplasts and are holozoicos and saprozoícos, some are free living but most are commensals, symbionts or parasites of other animals.
Its locomotion is by means of flagella (when multiple) can be mixed and one is the one who leads the movement and the others follow. The scourge has joint ultrastructure of 2 central microtubules form a nucleus surrounded by 9 pairs more. Is covered by a sheath which is continuous with the cell membrane, the flagellum was born in a body basal called Blefaroblasto, a centriole is involved in mitosis in some cases. The scourge running waves in one or two planes to push or pull. The waves move from base to tip and push the body in the opposite direction or go to the tip to the base and pull the body.
Nutrition: holofíticos phytoflagellates are primarily, although some saprozoicos and holozoicos or have any combination of these forms. The flagellate is green when the chlorophyll is masked by another pigment as in the fotomónas and Euglena. If dominated by xanthophylls, the color is red, orange, yellow or brown.
Some flagellates can be classified as autotrophs heterotrophic or strict, since there are intermediate conditions. The Euglena gracilis is strictly photoautotrophs it can synthesize organic compounds from inorganic substances. Some are facultative saprophytic.
The phytoflagellates stored food reserves in an oil or fat or carbohydrates in the form of typical vegetable starch.
In most flagellated, asexual reproduction is by binary fission.
can be wild, in fresh or salt water, occurring singly or in colonies. There are also parasitic groups, among them the following stand out: Trypanosoma gambiense
· and Trypanosoma rhodesiense . They are deadly parasites that cause sleeping sickness. " Trypanosoma cruzi
· . Appears in South America and produces "Chagas disease."
· Leishmania. Present in different parts of the world. Causes serious diseases such as Kala-azar or black fever.
· Gonyaulax catenella. Free-living species that form large groups, movements of individuals. These groups are called "red tide" and are food for bivalves (mussels). These protozoa produce a toxin harmless to mussels, but the man produces "mussel poisoning" that can result in death. Class Sporozoa
( sporozoan )
are obligate parasites of various animal groups. Live within the cells of their hosts (hosts) and can become pathogenic. Generally have alternating phases of sexual reproduction and other asexual multiplication. In these, there is a large number of spores from the apparently simultaneous division of a single cell (schizogony or sporulation), in reality it is several successive bipartition are hidden. The name "Sporozoa" refers to this feature of the cycle.
detailed examination of the ultrastructure and, above all, the comparison direct their genes and their proteins have demonstrated the polyphyly of the group, and the affinities of the groups that traditionally come including: apicomplexan, Haplosporida, Microsporidia and mixosporidias.
are able to form highly resistant spores. The best examples include
· Toxoplasma : Produce toxoplasmosis, the severity of this disease depends on the tissue affected. Plasmodium
Malarie · and P. falciparum: These two species cause severe malaria disease. Today is the disease that kills more people in the world.
Class Ciliophora (ciliates or Ciliophora )
unicellular forms are relatively large, with a complex internal structure, which makes think more about the anatomy of a small animal, which are, in a cell. There are three defining characteristics:
Its surface is covered with cilia regularly aligned with that move actively and quickly.
have two cores, macronucleus and micronucleus, the latter reserved for sexual reproduction, which perform sporadically.
Most phagocytosis performed by which are fed through a specialized area, sunken, called cytostome, ie cell mouth.
Most ciliates also has a or more prominent contractile vacuoles, which collect and expel water from the cell to maintain osmotic pressure and a certain role in maintaining the ion balance. These often have a star of radio ducts emerging. Other distinct components are the alveoli, small vesicles attached to the cell membrane inside that maintain cell shape, ranging from flexible and rigid contractile. Extrusomes numerous mitochondria and are also usually present.
Cilia occur in longitudinal rows covering the entire cell, although some groups cilia are observed only in a limited region of the cell body, around the cytostome. In some cases the cilia are arranged in tufts or tufts called cirri. Are used for a variety of functions among which are the movement, drag, grip, power and sensation. The movement of the cilia is coordinated with precision, and the impression given is similar to the wind causes waves in a wheat field.
cilia are usually arranged in monokinetids or dicinetias, including respectively one or two kinetosomes, each bearing a cilium. These are usually organized into rows called kinetic running from front to the back of the cell. Others polykinetids organized groups of several cilia along with their structures associated. Used for classification of different groups.
phagocytizing particles are fed, what they do almost always from the bottom of a cavity called cytostome, located almost always in a recess or depression called the vestibule, which appears specialized cilia cover. These usually include a series of membranelles to the left of the mouth and on your right paroral membrane, both of which arise from polykinetids. Some ciliates have poorly differentiated cytostome, or lack of it, engulfing in any case only a certain portion of its surface. In the group of sucker phagocytosis is performed by the ends of multiple tentacles. The waste disposal not digested in the digestive vacuoles by exocytosis takes place, often also through a specialized region, called in this case citoprocto, which literally translates as "cellular year."
These individuals have free-living in freshwater, marine or brackish water. Parasitic species also appear. The best known representatives are:
· Paramecium. Ciliated freshwater appears containing plant residues.
· Vorticella. It also appears in freshwater. It features live fixed to the substrate. Is an individual sessile. It uses cilia to capture food. Tetrahymena thermophila
· . Are represented in all kinds of aquatic habitats, but are mostly inhabitants of freshwaters and soils, with some notable but isolated group of marine forms. Many hold up well contamination and thrive in the sewers and treatment plants wastewater. They feed on organic particles and engulfing all bacteria and other microorganisms, sometimes almost as big as them.
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